Fungal Transcriptional Activator Useful In Methods for Producing Polypeptides

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to isolated nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides having transcriptional activation activity and to the polypeptides. The disclosure also relates to nucleic acid constructs, vectors and host cells including the nucleic acid sequences. The invention further relates to host cells useful for the production of polypeptides in which the production or function of the transcriptional activator has been altered, as well as to methods for producing the polypeptides.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/729,172 filed Dec. 5, 2003 which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/525,305 filed Mar. 14, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,806,062, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/411,925 filed Oct. 4, 1999, now abandoned, which claims priority or the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119 of Danish Application No. PA 1998 01258 filed Oct. 5, 1998 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/103,945 filed Oct. 13, 1998, the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to isolated nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides having transcriptional activation activity and to the polypeptides. The invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid sequences. The invention further relates to host cells useful for the production of polypeptides in which the production or function of the transcriptional activator has been altered, as well as to methods for producing the polypeptides.

2. Description of the Related Art

The use of recombinant host cells in the expression of heterologous proteins has in recent years greatly simplified the production of large quantities of commercially valuable proteins which otherwise are obtainable only by purification from their native sources. Currently, there is a varied selection of expression systems from which to choose for the production of any given protein, including eubacterial and eukaryotic hosts. The selection of an appropriate expression system often depends not only on the ability of the host cell to produce adequate yields of the protein in an active state, but, to a large extent, may also be governed by the intended end use of the protein.

One problem frequently encountered is the high level of proteolytic enzymes produced by a given host cell or present in the culture medium. One suggestion has been to provide host organisms deprived of the ability to produce specific proteolytic compounds. For example, WO 90/00192 (Genencor, Inc.) describes filamentous fungal hosts incapable of secreting enzymatically active aspartic proteinase. EP 574 347 (Ciba Geigy AG) describes Aspergillus hosts defective in a serine protease of the subtilisin-type. WO 98/12300 (Novo Nordisk A/S) describes hosts defective in a metalloprotease and an alkaline protease. WO 97/12045 (Genencor, Inc.) describes yeast and bacterial host systems, which are rendered protease deficient resulting from a disruption of a promoter sequence involved in the regulation of a protease gene.

Mattern, I. E., et al., (1992. Mol Gen Genet 234:332-336) describe a mutant strain of Aspergillus niger, which was shown to have only 1 to 2% of the extracellular protease activity of the parent strain, apparently due to a deficiency of at least two proteases, aspergillopepsin A and aspergillopepsin B. It was suggested that the protease deficient phenotype could result from a regulatory mutation affecting the expression of the genes coding for both proteases.

The initiation of eukaryotic transcription at a specific promoter or set of promoters requires a eukaryotic transcriptional activator which is a polypeptide, but which is not itself part of RNA polymerase. Many transcriptional activators bind to a specific site on the promoter to form a functional promoter necessary for the initiation of transcription of the polypeptide encoding sequence. However, a transcriptional activator may also be incorporated into an initiation complex only in the presence of other polypeptides. Polypeptides with transcriptional activation activity have been described in fungi, and a list of such polypeptides has been published (Dhawale, S. S., and Lane, A. C. 1993. Nucleic Acid Research 21:5537-5546).

It is an object of the present invention to provide improved methods for increasing production of polypeptides in host cells in which the activity of a transcriptional activator involved in the regulation of protease production has been modified.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 70% identity with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48;

(b) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which has at least 50% identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49;

(c) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes under low stringency conditions with (i) the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48, or (ii) its complementary strand, wherein the low stringency conditions are defined by prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 microg/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 25% formamide, and wash conditions are defined by 50° C. for 30 minutes in 2×SSC, 0.2% SDS;

(d) an allelic variant of (a), (b), or (c);

(e) a subsequence of (a), (b), (c), or (d), wherein the subsequence encodes a polypeptide fragment which has transcriptional activation activity; and

(f) a subsequence of (a), (b) (c), or (d), wherein the subsequence encodes a polypeptide with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.

The nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 is the Aspergillus niger prtT gene encoding the transcriptional factor shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 as described further below and in the Examples.

The nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 48 is the Aspergillus oryzae IFO4177 prtT gene encoding the transcriptional factor shown in SEQ ID NO: 49. The A. oryzae prtT gene has a coding region starting in position 795 and ending at position 2931. The prtT gene has 4 introns in positions 1028-1135, 1538-1591, 2018-2066, and 2297-2347, respectively. This is described further below and in the Examples.

In another aspect, the invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid sequences, and to the polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid sequences. The invention further relates to host cells useful for the production of a polypeptide, in which the production or function of the transcriptional activator has been altered, as well as to methods for producing the polypeptide.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a restriction map of the plasmid pPAP, the construction of which is described in Example 1.

FIG. 2 shows a restriction map of the plasmid pAopyrGcosArp1, the construction of which is described in Example 1.

FIG. 3 shows a restriction map of the plasmid pEES1, the construction of which is described in Example 1.

FIG. 4 shows a restriction map of the plasmid pDprt, the construction of which is described in Example 3.

FIG. 5 shows a restriction map of the plasmid pGPprt, the construction of which is described in Example 4.

FIG. 6 shows the sequence of the insert in the two plasmids containing the PCR fragment of the A. oryzae prtT Zn²⁺-finger. ICA217 is the sequence from one of the plasmids and ICA218 is the sequence from the other.

FIG. 7 shows plasmid pDV8 a pSP65 (Promega™) based plasmid containing the HSV-tk gene on a 1.2 kb BglII/BamHI fragment inserted between a 1.0 kb XhoI/BglII fragment of the A. nidulans gpd promoter and a 0.8 kb BamHI/HindIII fragment containing the A. nidulans trpc transcriptional terminator.

FIG. 8 shows the construction of pJaL554 described in Example 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Nucleic Acid Sequences Encoding Transcriptional Activators

A first aspect of the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 70% identity with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48;

(b) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which has at least 50% identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49;

(c) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes under low stringency conditions with (i) the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48, or (ii) its complementary strand, wherein the low stringency conditions are defined by prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micro g/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 25% formamide, and wash conditions are defined by 50° C. for 30 minutes in 2×SSC, 0.2% SDS;

(d) an allelic variant of (a), (b), or (c);

(e) a subsequence of (a), (b), (c), or (d), wherein the subsequence encodes a polypeptide fragment which has transcriptional activation activity; and

(f) a subsequence of (a), (b), (c), or (d), wherein the subsequence encodes a polypeptide with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.

The term “transcriptional activator” as used herein refers to a polypeptide which has the capability to activate a specific promoter or set of promoters necessary for the initiation of transcription of the polypeptide encoding sequence to which it is linked.

The term “isolated nucleic acid sequence” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid sequence which is essentially free of other nucleic acid sequences, e.g., at least about 20% pure, preferably at least about 40% pure, more preferably at least about 60% pure, even more preferably at least about 80% pure, most preferably at least about 90% pure as determined by agarose electrophoresis. For example, an isolated nucleic acid sequence can be obtained by standard cloning procedures used in genetic engineering to relocate the nucleic acid sequence from its natural location to a different site where it will be reproduced. The cloning procedures may involve excision and isolation of a desired nucleic acid fragment comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide, insertion of the fragment into a vector molecule, and incorporation of the recombinant vector into a host cell where multiple copies or clones of the nucleic acid sequence will be replicated. The nucleic acid sequence may be of genomic, cDNA, RNA, semisynthetic, synthetic origin, or any combinations thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence has a degree of identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48 of at least about 70%, preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 85%, even more preferably at least about 90%, most preferably at least about 95%, even most preferably at least about 97%, and even more preferred at least 99% identity, which encodes an active polypeptide. For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity between two nucleic acid sequences is determined by the Clustal method (Higgins, 1989, CABIOS 5:151-153) with an identity table, a gap penalty of 10, and a gap length penalty of 10.

In an even more preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator has a nucleic acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48.

Modification of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention may be necessary for the synthesis of polypeptides substantially similar to the polypeptide. The term “substantially similar” to the polypeptide refers to non-naturally occurring forms of the polypeptide. These polypeptides may differ in some engineered way from the polypeptide isolated from its native source. For example, it may be of interest to synthesize variants of the polypeptide where the variants differ in specific activity, binding specificity and/or affinity, or the like using, e.g., site-directed mutagenesis. The analogous sequence may be constructed on the basis of the nucleic acid sequence presented as the polypeptide encoding part of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48, e.g., a subsequence thereof, and/or by introduction of nucleotide substitutions which do not give rise to another amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid sequence, but which corresponds to the codon usage of the host organism intended for production of the enzyme, or by introduction of nucleotide substitutions which may give rise to a different amino acid sequence. For a general description of nucleotide substitution, see, e.g., Ford et al., 1991, Protein Expression and Purification 2: 95-107.

In another preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to isolated nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides having an amino acid sequence which has a degree of identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49 of at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 80%, even more preferably at least about 90%, most preferably at least about 95%, even most preferably at least about 97%, and even more preferred at least 99%, which qualitatively retain the transcriptional activation activity of the polypeptides (hereinafter “homologous polypeptides”).

In a preferred embodiment, the homologous polypeptides have an amino acid sequence which differs by five amino acids, preferably by four amino acids, more preferably by three amino acids, even more preferably by two amino acids, and most preferably by one amino acid from the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49. For purposes of the present invention, the degree of identity between two amino acid sequences is determined by the Clustal method (Higgins, 1989, supra) with an identity table, a gap penalty of 10, and a gap length penalty of 10.

Hybridization indicates that by methods of standard Southern blotting procedures, the nucleic acid sequence hybridizes to an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to the polypeptide encoding part of the nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, under low to high stringency conditions (i.e., prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and either 25, 35 or 50% formamide for low, medium and high stringencies, respectively). In order to identify a clone or DNA which is homologous with SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48, the hybridization reaction is washed three times for 30 minutes each using 2×SSC, 0.2% SDS preferably at least 50° C., more preferably at least 55° C., more preferably at least 60° C., more preferably at least 65° C., even more preferably at least 70° C., and most preferably at least 75° C.

The nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48, or a subsequence thereof, as well as the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49, or a partial sequence thereof, or the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, may be used to design an oligonucleotide probe to identify and isolate or clone a homologous gene of any genus or species according to methods well known in the art.

In particular, such probes can be used for hybridization with the genomic or cDNA of the genus or species of interest, following standard Southern blotting procedures, in order to identify and isolate the corresponding gene therein. Such probes can be considerably shorter than the entire sequence, but should be at least 15, preferably at least 25, and more preferably at least 40 nucleotides in length. Longer probes can also be used. Both DNA and RNA probes can be used. The probes are typically labeled for detecting the corresponding gene (for example, with ³²P, ³H, ³⁵S, biotin, or avidin). For example, molecules to which a ³²P—, ³H— or ³⁵S— labelled oligonucleotide probe hybridizes may be detected by use of X-ray film.

Thus, a genomic, cDNA or combinatorial chemical library prepared from such other organisms may be screened for DNA which hybridizes with the probes described above and which encodes a polypeptide with transcriptional activation activity. Genomic or other DNA from such other organisms may be separated by agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or other separation techniques. DNA from the libraries or the separated DNA may be transferred to and immobilized on nitrocellulose or other suitable carrier material. A clone or DNA which is homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48 may then be identified following standard Southern blotting procedures.

An allelic variant denotes any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chomosomal locus. Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in phenotypic polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent (i.e., no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequences.

The term “allelic variant of a polypeptide” is a polypeptide encoded by an allelic variant of a gene. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator of the present invention is an allelic variant of a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of nucleic acid sequences: (a) having at least 70% identity with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48, (b) encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which has at least 50% identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49, (c) which hybridizes under low stringency conditions with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48, or its complementary strand, and (d) encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.

The present invention also encompasses nucleic acid sequences which differ from SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48 by virtue of the degeneracy of the genetic code. The present invention also relates to subsequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 49, wherein a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is a nucleic acid sequence encompassed by SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48 except that one or more nucleotides from the 5′ and/or 3′ end have been deleted. Preferably, a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48 encodes a polypeptide fragment which has transcriptional activation activity. In a more preferred embodiment, a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48 contains at least a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.

The techniques used to isolate or clone a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide are known in the art and include isolation from genomic DNA, preparation from cDNA, or a combination thereof. The cloning of the nucleic acid sequences of the present invention from such genomic DNA can be effected, e.g., by using methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antibody screening of expression libraries to detect cloned DNA fragments with shared structural features. (See, e.g., Innis et al., 1990, PCR: A Guide to Methods and Application, Academic Press, New York.) Other nucleic acid amplification procedures such as ligase chain reaction (LCR), ligated activated transcription (LAT) and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) may be used. The nucleic acid sequence may be cloned from a microorganism, or another or related organism and thus, for example, may be an allelic or species variant of the polypeptide encoding region of the nucleic acid sequence.

The transcriptional activators encoded by nucleic acid sequences which hybridize with an oligonucleotide probe which hybridizes with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48, its complementary strand, or allelic variants and subsequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48, or allelic variants and fragments of the transcriptional activators may be obtained from microorganisms of any genus.

In a preferred embodiment, the transcriptional activators may be obtained from a fungal cell. “Fungi” as used herein includes the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota (as defined by Hawksworth, et al., in Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of The Fungi, 8th edition, 1995, CAB International, University Press, Cambridge, UK) as well as the Oomycota (as cited in Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra, page 171) and all mitosporic fungi (Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra).

In preferred embodiment, the fungal source is a filamentous fungal strain. “Filamentous fungi” include all filamentous forms of the subdivision Eumycota and Oomycota (as defined by Hawksworth et al., 1995, supra). The filamentous fungi are characterized by a mycelia wall composed of chitin, cellulose, glucan, chitosan, mannan, and other complex polysaccharides. Vegetative growth is by hyphal elongation and carbon catabolism is obligately aerobic. Filamentous fungal strains include, but are not limited to, strains of Acremonium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus, Filibasidium, Fusarium, Humicola, Magnaporthe, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomryces, Penicillium, Piromyces, Schizophyllum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, and Trichoderma.

In a more preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator of the present invention is obtained from a strain of Aspergillus, such as A. awamori or A. nidulans. Preferably, the nucleic acid sequence is obtained from a strain of A. niger or A. oryzae. Even more preferably, the nucleic acid sequence is obtained from an isolate of a strain of A. niger, DSM 12298; e.g., the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, or from A. oryzae IFO 4177, i.e., the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48.

In another more preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator of the present invention is obtained from a strain of Fusarium, such as F. oxysporum. Preferably, the strain is a strain of F. venenatum (Nirenberg sp. nov.).

In another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator of the present invention is obtained from a yeast strain, such as a Candida, Kluyveromyces, Schizosaccharomyces, or Yarrowia strain. Preferably, the strain is a strain of Hansenula, Pichia, or Saccharomyces.

It will be understood that for the aforementioned species, the invention encompasses both the perfect and imperfect states, and other taxonomic equivalents, e.g., anamorphs, regardless of the species name by which they are known. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize the identity of appropriate equivalents. For example, the polypeptides may be obtained from microorganisms which are taxonomic equivalents of Aspergillus as defined by Raper, K. D. and Fennel, D. I. (1965. The Genus Aspergillus, The Wilkins Company, Baltimore Md.), regardless of the species name by which they are known. Aspergilli are mitosporic fungi characterized by an aspergillum comprised of a conidiospore stipe with no known teleomorphic states terminating in a vesicle, which in turn bears one or two layers of synchronously formed specialized cells, variously referred to as sterigmata or phialides, and asexually formed spores referred to as conidia. Known teleomorphs of Aspergillus include Eurotium, Neosartorya, and Emericella. Strains of Aspergillus and teleomorphs thereof are readily accessible to the public in a number of culture collections, such as the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (DSM), Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), and Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection, Northern Regional Research Center (NRRL).

Furthermore, such transcriptional activators may be identified and obtained from other sources including microorganisms isolated from nature (e.g., soil, composts, water, etc.) using the above-mentioned probes. Techniques for isolating microorganisms from natural habitats are well known in the art. The nucleic acid sequence may then be derived by similarly screening a genomic or cDNA library of another microorganism. Once a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator has been detected with the probe(s), the sequence may be isolated or cloned by utilizing techniques which are known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see, e.g., J. Sambrook, E.F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatus, 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

In another preferred embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49, or a fragment thereof, which has transcriptional activation activity.

In another preferred embodiment, the isolated nucleic acid sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.

The present invention also relates to isolated nucleic acid sequences encoding a transcriptional activator of the present invention, which, e.g., using methods of standard Southern blotting procedures described above (cf., Sambrook, et al., 1989, supra), hybridize under low stringency conditions, more preferably medium stringency conditions, and most preferably high stringency conditions, with an oligonucleotide probe which hybridizes under the same conditions with the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48 or its complementary strand, or allelic variants and subsequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48 which encode polypeptide fragments which are transcriptional activators in fungi.

In another more preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence is the nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide, which has DNA binding activity contained in the plasmid pEES which is contained in Escherichia coli DSM 12294.

Nucleic Acid Constructs

Another aspect of the present invention relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator of the present invention operably linked to one or more control sequences, which direct the production of the transcriptional activator in a suitable expression host. In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encodes a polypeptide, which is contained in the plasmid pEES harboured in Escherichia coli DSM 12294, or the nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 48 encoding the polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO: 49.

Expression will be understood to include any step involved in the production of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, and secretion. Manipulation of the nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide prior to its insertion into a vector may be desirable or necessary depending on the expression vector. The techniques for modifying nucleic acid sequences utilizing cloning methods are well known in the art.

“Nucleic acid construct” is defined herein as a nucleic acid molecule, either single- or double-stranded, which is isolated from a naturally occurring gene or which has been modified to contain segments of nucleic acid which are combined and juxtaposed in a manner which would not otherwise exist in nature. The term nucleic acid construct is synonymous with the term expression cassette when the nucleic acid construct contains all the control sequences required for expression of a coding sequence. The term “coding sequence” as defined herein is a sequence, which is transcribed into mRNA and translated into a transcriptional activator of the present invention. The boundaries of the coding sequence are generally determined by the ATG start codon at the 5′ end of the mRNA and a transcription terminator sequence located just downstream of the open reading frame at the 3′ end of the mRNA. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to, DNA, cDNA, and recombinant nucleic acid sequences.

The term “control sequences” is defined herein to include all components, which are necessary or advantageous for the expression of a polypeptide. Each control sequence may be native or foreign to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, a leader, a polyadenylation sequence, a propeptide sequence, a promoter, a signal sequence, and a transcription terminator. At a minimum, the control sequences include a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. The control sequences may be provided with linkers for the purpose of introducing specific restriction sites facilitating ligation of the control sequences with the coding region of the nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide. The term “operably linked” is defined herein as a configuration in which a control sequence is appropriately placed at a position relative to the coding sequence of the DNA sequence such that the control sequence directs the production of a polypeptide.

The control sequence may be an appropriate promoter sequence, a nucleic acid sequence, which is recognized by a host cell for expression of the nucleic acid sequence. The promoter sequence contains transcriptional control sequences, which mediate the expression of the polypeptide. The promoter may be any nucleic acid sequence, which shows transcriptional activity in the cell including mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters, and may be obtained from genes encoding extracellular or intracellular polypeptides either homologous or heterologous to the cell.

The control sequence may also be a suitable transcription terminator sequence, a sequence recognized by a filamentous fungal cell to terminate transcription. The terminator sequence is operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any terminator, which is functional in the cell, may be used in the present invention.

Preferred terminators for filamentous fungal cells are obtained from the genes encoding Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase, and Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease.

The control sequence may also be a suitable leader sequence, a nontranslated region of a mRNA which is important for translation by the filamentous fungal cell. The leader sequence is operably linked to the 5′ terminus of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide. Any leader sequence, which is functional in the cell, may be used in the present invention.

Preferred leaders for filamentous fungal cells are obtained from the genes encoding Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase and Aspergillus nidulans triose phosphate isomerase.

The control sequence may also be a polyadenylation sequence, a sequence which is operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the nucleic acid sequence and which, when transcribed, is recognized by the filamentous fungal cell as a signal to add polyadenosine residues to transcribed mRNA. Any polyadenylation sequence, which is functional in the cell, may be used in the present invention.

Preferred polyadenylation sequences for filamentous fungal cells are obtained from the genes encoding Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, and Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase.

The control sequence may also be a signal peptide-coding region, which codes for an amino acid sequence linked to the amino terminus of the polypeptide, which can direct the encoded polypeptide into the cell's secretory pathway. The 5′ end of the coding sequence of the nucleic acid sequence may inherently contain a signal peptide-coding region naturally linked in translation reading frame with the segment of the coding region, which encodes the secreted polypeptide.

Alternatively, the 5′ end of the coding sequence may contain a signal peptide-coding region, which is foreign to the coding sequence. The foreign signal peptide-coding region may be required where the coding sequence does not normally contain a signal peptide-coding region. Alternatively, the foreign signal peptide-coding region may simply replace the natural signal peptide-coding region in order to obtain enhanced secretion of the polypeptide. The signal peptide-coding region may be obtained from a glucoamylase or an amylase gene from an Aspergillus species, or a lipase or proteinase gene from a Rhizomucor species. However, any signal peptide-coding region, which directs the expressed polypeptide into the secretory pathway of a filamentous fungal cell, may be used in the present invention.

An effective signal peptide coding region for filamentous fungal cells is the signal peptide coding region obtained from the Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase gene, Aspergillus niger neutral amylase gene, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase gene, or Humicola lanuginosa cellulase gene.

The control sequence may also be a propeptide coding region, which codes for an amino acid sequence positioned at the amino terminus of a polypeptide. The resultant polypeptide is known as a proenzyme or propolypeptide (or a zymogen in some cases). A propolypeptide is generally inactive and can be converted to a mature active polypeptide by catalytic or autocatalytic cleavage of the propeptide from the propolypeptide. The propeptide coding region may be obtained from the Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase gene, or the Myceliophthora thermophila laccase gene (WO 95/33836).

Where both signal peptide and propeptide regions are present at the amino terminus of a polypeptide, the propeptide region is positioned next to the amino terminus of a polypeptide and the signal peptide region is positioned next to the amino terminus of the propeptide region.

Expression Vectors

The present invention also relates to recombinant expression vectors comprising a nucleic acid sequence of the present invention, a promoter, and transcriptional and translational stop signals. The various nucleic acid and control sequences described above may be joined together to produce a recombinant expression vector which may include one or more convenient restriction sites to allow for insertion or substitution of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide at such sites. Alternatively, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide may be expressed by inserting the sequence or a nucleic acid construct comprising the sequence into an appropriate vector for expression. In creating the expression vector, the coding sequence is located in the vector so that the coding sequence is operably linked with the appropriate control sequences for expression, and possibly secretion.

The recombinant expression vector may be any vector (e.g., a plasmid or virus), which can be conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures and can bring about the expression of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide. The choice of the vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vector with the filamentous fungal cell into which the vector is to be introduced. The vectors may be linear or closed circular plasmids. The vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., a vector, which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, an extrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome. The vector may contain any means for assuring self-replication. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into the filamentous fungal cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. The vector system may be a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids, which together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the filamentous fungal cell, or a transposon.

The vectors preferably contain one or more selectable markers, which permit easy selection of transformed cells. A selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides for biocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs, and the like. A selectable marker for use in a filamentous fungal cell may be selected from the group including, but not limited to, amdS (acetamidase), argB (ornithine carbamoyltransferase), bar (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase), hygB (hygromycin phosphotransferase), niaD (nitrate reductase), pyrG (orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase), sC (sulfate adenyltransferase), and trpc (anthranilate synthase), as well as equivalents from other species. Preferred for use in an Aspergillus cell are the amdS and pyrG genes of Aspergillus nidulans or Aspergillus oryzae and the bar gene of Streptomyces hygroscopicus.

The vectors preferably contain an element(s) that permits stable integration of the vector into the host cell genome or autonomous replication of the vector in the cell independent of the genome of the cell.

Host Cells

Another aspect of the present invention relates to host cells comprising a nucleic acid construct or an expression vector of the present invention.

The choice of a host cell in the methods of the present invention will to a large extent depend upon the source of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest.

The introduction of an expression vector or a nucleic acid construct into a filamentous fungal cell may involve a process consisting of protoplast formation, transformation of the protoplasts, and regeneration of the cell wall in a manner known per se. Suitable procedures for transformation of Aspergillus cells are described in EP 238 023 and Yelton et al., 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 81: 1470-1474. A suitable method of transforming Fusarium species is described by Malardier et al., 1989, Gene 78: 147-156 or in WO 96/00787.

“Introduction” means introducing a vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide into a filamentous fungal cell so that the vector is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector. Integration is generally considered to be an advantage as the nucleic acid sequence is more likely to be stably maintained in the cell. Integration of the vector into the chromosome occurs by homologous recombination, non-homologous recombination, or transposition.

For integration into the host cell genome, the vector may rely on the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide or any other element of the vector for stable integration of the vector into the genome by homologous or nonhomologous recombination. Alternatively, the vector may contain additional nucleic acid sequences for directing integration by homologous recombination into the genome of the host cell. The additional nucleic acid sequences enable the vector to be integrated into the host cell genome at a precise location(s) in the chromosome(s). To increase the likelihood of integration at a precise location, the integrational elements should preferably contain a sufficient number of nucleic acids, such as 100 to 1,500 base pairs, preferably 400 to 1,500 base pairs, and most preferably 800 to 1,500 base pairs, which are highly homologous with the corresponding target sequence to enhance the probability of homologous recombination. The integrational elements may be any sequence that is homologous with the target sequence in the genome of the host cell. These nucleic acid sequences may be any sequence that is homologous with a target sequence in the genome of the host cell, and, furthermore, may be non-encoding or encoding sequences.

For autonomous replication, the vector may further comprise an origin of replication enabling the vector to replicate autonomously in the host cell.

The procedures used to ligate the elements described above to construct the recombinant expression vectors are well known to one skilled in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook, et al., supra).

In a preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a cell of a species of, but not limited to, Acremonium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Humicola, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neurospora, Penicillium, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, or Trichoderma.

In a more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is an Aspergillus cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is an Acremonium cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Fusarium cell.

In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Humicola cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Mucor cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Myceliophthora cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Neurospora cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Penicillium cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Thielavia cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Tolypocladium cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Trichoderma cell.

In a most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is an Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae cell.

In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Fusarium bactridioides, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium crookwellense, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium graminum, Fusarium heterosporum, Fusarium negundi, Fusarium oxysporumr, Fusarium reticulatum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium sarcochroum, Fusarium sulphureum, Fusarium toruloseum, Fusarium trichothecioides, or Fusarium venenatum cell. In an even most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Fusarium venenatum (Nirenberg sp. nov.). In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Humicola insolens or Humicola lanuginosa cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Mucor miehei cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Myceliophthora thermophilum cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Neurospora crassa cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Penicillium purpurogenum cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Thielavia terrestris cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the Trichoderma cell is a Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei or Trichoderma viride cell.

Polypeptides having Transcriptional Activation Activity

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:

(a) a polypeptide which is encoded in a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes under low stringency conditions with (i) the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48; (ii) its complementary strand, or (iii) a subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48 which encodes a polypeptide fragment which has transcriptional activation activity, wherein the low stringency conditions are defined by prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micro g/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 25% formamide, and wash conditions are defined at 50° C. for 30 minutes in 2×SSC, 0.2% SDS;

(b) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which has at least 50% identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49;

(c) an allelic variant of (a) or (b);

(d) a fragment of (a), (b), or (c), wherein the fragment has transcriptional activation activity; and

(e) a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or an allelic variant thereof.

The transcriptional activator may be isolated using techniques as described herein. As defined herein, an “isolated” polypeptide is a polypeptide which is essentially free of other polypeptides, e.g., at least about 20% pure, preferably at least about 40% pure, more preferably about 60% pure, even more preferably about 80% pure, most preferably about 90% pure, and even most preferably about 95% pure, as determined by SDS-PAGE.

The present invention also relates to isolated polypeptides having an amino acid sequence which has a degree of identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49 of at least about 50%, preferably at least about 55%, preferably at least about 60%, preferably at least about 65%, preferably at least about 70%, preferably at least about 75%, preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 85%, even more preferably at least about 90%, most preferably at least about 95%, and even most preferably at least about 97%, even more preferred at least 99%, which have transcriptional activation activity.

In more preferred embodiment, the transcriptional activator of the present invention comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49 or a fragment thereof, wherein the fragment retains transcriptional activation activity. In a most preferred embodiment, the polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49. A fragment of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49 is a polypeptide having one or more amino acids deleted from the amino and/or carboxy terminus of this amino acid sequence. Preferably, a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49 contains at least the polypeptide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.

The amino acid sequences of the homologous polypeptides may differ from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49 or SEQ ID NO: 3 by an insertion or deletion of one or more amino acid residues and/or the substitution of one or more amino acid residues by different amino acid residues. Preferably, amino acid changes are of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of one to about 30 amino acids; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to about 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function, such as a poly-histidine tract, an antigenic epitope or a binding domain.

Examples of conservative substitutions are within the group of basic amino acids (such as arginine, lysine and histidine), acidic amino acids (such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid), polar amino acids (such as glutamine and asparagine), hydrophobic amino acids (such as leucine, isoleucine and valine), aromatic amino acids (such as phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine), and small amino acids (such as glycine, alanine, serine, threonine and methionine). Amino acid substitutions, which do not generally alter the specific activity are known in the art and are described, for example, by H. Neurath and R. L. Hill (1979. The Proteins, Academic Press, New York). The most commonly occurring exchanges are Ala/Ser, Val/Ile, Asp/Glu, Thr/Ser, Ala/Gly, Ala/Thr, Ser/Asn, Ala/Val, Ser/Gly, Tyr/Phe, Ala/Pro, Lys/Arg, Asp/Asn, Leu/Ile, Leu/Val, Ala/Glu, and Asp/Gly as well as these in reverse.

In a more preferred embodiment, a transcriptional activator of the present invention is obtained from an Aspergillus niger strain, more preferably from Aspergillus niger AB4.1 (van Haringsveldt, W., et al., 1987. Mol. Gen. Genet. 206:71-75), and most preferably from Aspergillus niger 13PAP2, which has been deposited at DSM as DSM 12298, or a mutant strain thereof, harbouring, e.g., the polypeptide with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49 or SEQ ID NO: 3.

In another preferred embodiment, the transcriptional activator of the present invention is the polypeptide encoded in the nucleic acid sequence contained in plasmid pEES, which is contained in Escherichia coli DSM 12294 or the nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 48 encoding the polypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO: 49.

The present invention further relates to methods for producing the transcriptional activator of the present invention comprising (a) cultivating a host cell harbouring a nucleic acid construct or an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the transcriptional activator of the invention under conditions conducive for production of the polypeptide; and (b) recovering the polypeptide.

Host Cells having Altered Transcriptional Activation Activity

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a host cell which is a mutant of a parent fungal cell useful for the production of a polypeptide in which the parent cell comprises one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding a protease, the transcription of which is activated by a transcriptional activator of the present invention, and the mutant cell produces less of the transcriptional activator and the protease(s) than the parent cell when cultured under the same conditions.

The mutant cell may be constructed using methods well known in the art; for example, by one or more nucleotide insertions or deletions of the gene encoding the transcriptional activator.

In a preferred embodiment the mutant cell is obtained by modification or inactivation of a nucleic acid sequence present in the cell and necessary for expression of the transcriptional activator.

In a more preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 70% identity with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48; (b) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which has at least 50% identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49; (c) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes under low stringency conditions with (i) the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48, or (ii) its complementary strand, (d) an allelic variant of (a), (b), or (c); (e) a subsequence of (a), (b), (c), or (d), wherein the subsequence encodes a polypeptide fragment which has transcriptional activation activity; and (f) a subsequence of (a), (b) (c), or (d), wherein the subsequence encodes a polypeptide with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.

In another preferred embodiment the reduced expression of the transcriptional activator in the mutant cell is obtained by modification or inactivation of a control sequence required for the expression of the transcriptional activator. The term “control sequence” is defined, supra, in the section entitled “Nucleic Acid Constructs.” In a more preferred embodiment the control sequence in the mutant cell is a promoter sequence or a functional part thereof, i.e., a part, which is sufficient for affecting expression of the nucleic acid sequence. Other control sequences for possible modification include, but are not limited to, a leader, a polyadenylation sequence, a propeptide sequence, a signal sequence, and a transcription terminator.

Modification or inactivation of the gene may be performed by subjecting the parent cell to mutagenesis and selecting for mutant cells in which the capability to produce a transcriptional activator has been reduced. The mutagenesis, which may be specific or random, may be performed, for example, by use of a suitable physical or chemical mutagenizing agent, by use of a suitable oligonucleotide, or by subjecting the DNA sequence to PCR generated mutagenesis. Furthermore, the mutagenesis may be performed by use of any combination of these mutagenizing agents.

Examples of a physical or chemical mutagenizing agent suitable for the present purpose include ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydroxylamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), O-methyl hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), sodium bisulphite, formic acid, and nucleotide analogues.

When such agents are used, the mutagenesis is typically performed by incubating the parent cell to be mutagenized in the presence of the mutagenizing agent of choice under suitable conditions, and selecting for mutant cells exhibiting reduced expression of the gene.

Modification or inactivation of the gene may be accomplished by introduction, substitution, or removal of one or more nucleotides in the gene's nucleic acid sequence or a regulatory element required for the transcription or translation thereof. For example, nucleotides may be inserted or removed so as to result in the introduction of a stop codon, the removal of the start codon, or a change of the open reading frame. Such modification or inactivation may be accomplished by site-directed mutagenesis or PCR generated mutagenesis in accordance with methods known in the art. Although, in principle, the modification may be performed in vivo, i.e., directly on the fungal cell expressing the gene to be modified, it is preferred that the modification be performed in vitro as exemplified below.

An example of a convenient way to inactivate or reduce expression of the gene by a fungal cell of choice is based on techniques of gene replacement or gene interruption. For example, in the gene interruption method, a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to the endogenous gene or gene fragment of interest is mutagenized in vitro to produce a defective nucleic acid sequence which is then transformed into the parent cell to produce a defective gene. By homologous recombination, the defective nucleic acid sequence replaces the endogenous gene or gene fragment. It may be desirable that the defective gene or gene fragment also encodes a marker, which may be used for selection of transformants in which the nucleic acid sequence has been modified or destroyed.

Alternatively, modification or inactivation of the gene may be performed by established anti-sense techniques using a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of the gene. More specifically, expression of the gene by a filamentous fungal cell may be reduced or eliminated by introducing a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleic acid sequence, which may be transcribed in the cell and is capable of hybridizing to the mRNA produced in the cell. Under conditions allowing the complementary anti-sense nucleotide sequence to hybridize to the mRNA, the amount of protein translated is thus reduced or eliminated.

A nucleic acid sequence complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48 may be obtained from any microbial source. The preferred sources are fungal sources, e.g., yeast and filamentous fungi as described supra. Preferred filamentous fungal sources include, but are not limited to, species of Acremonium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Humicola, Myceliophthora, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, and Trichoderma. Preferred yeast sources include, but are not limited to, species of Candida, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, and Yarrowia. Furthermore, the nucleic acid sequence may be native to the filamentous fungal cell.

In another preferred embodiment, the parent cell harbours a gene having a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence which has at least 50% identity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 49.

In another preferred embodiment, the parent cell harbours a gene having a nucleic acid sequence with at least 70% identity with the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48.

In another preferred embodiment, the mutant cell harbours a nucleic acid sequence, which has been modified or inactivated by any of the methods described above and produces less of a protease or a combination of proteases than the parent cell when cultured under identical conditions. The mutant cell produces preferably at least about 25% less, more preferably at least about 50% less, even more preferably at least about 75% less, and even more preferably at least about 95% less of a protease or a combination of proteases than the parent cell when cultured under identical conditions.

In an even more preferred embodiment, the mutant cell produces essentially undetectable amounts of a protease or combination of proteases than the parent cell when cultured under identical conditions.

The protease(s) may be assayed using known methods. In one such method, an aliquot of a 48 hour culture media is incubated with ³H-labelled sperm whale myoglobin at pH 4.0 and the radioactivity in the TCA-soluble fraction is measured (van Noort, J. M., et al., 1991. Anal. Biochem 198:385-390). Other methods have been described for identifying, e.g., aspartic proteinase A. of A. niger (Takahashi, K., 1991. Meth. in Enzymol. 248:146-155), endopeptidases (Morihara, K., 1995. Meth. in Enzymol. 248:242-253), carboxypeptidases (Reminton, J., and Breddam, K., 1994. Meth. in Enzymol. 244:231-248), dipeptidyl peptidase (Ikehara, Y., et al., 244:215-227), and aminopeptidases (Little, G., et al., 1976. Meth. in Enzymol. 45:495-503).

In another preferred embodiment, the mutant cell harbours at least one copy of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a host cell useful for the production of a polypeptide wherein the host cell is a mutant of a parent fungal cell in which the mutant (a) produces more of the transcriptional activator of the present invention as compared to the parent cell when cultured under the same conditions; and (b) comprises a DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide, the transcription of which is activated by the transcriptional activator.

In a preferred embodiment, the host cell produces more of the transcriptional activator than the parent cell when cultured under the same conditions by introducing into the parent cell one or more copies of (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator, (ii) a nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator, or (iii) an expression vector as defined above in the section “Expression Vectors”.

The nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator of the present invention may also comprise one or more nucleic acid sequences which encode one or more factors that are advantageous for directing the expression of the polypeptide, e.g., a transcriptional activator (e.g., a trans-acting factor), a chaperone, and a processing protease. Any factor that is functional in the filamentous fungal cell of choice may be used in the present invention. The nucleic acids encoding one or more of these factors are not necessarily in tandem with the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide.

An activator is a protein, which activates transcription of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide (Kudla et al., 1990, EMBO Journal 9: 1355-1364; Jarai and Buxton, 1994, Current Genetics 26: 2238-244; Verdier, 1990, Yeast 6: 271-297). The nucleic acid sequence encoding an activator may be obtained from the genes encoding Saccharomyces cerevisiae heme activator protein 1 (hap1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactose metabolizing protein 4 (gal4), Aspergillus nidulans ammonia regulation protein (areA), and Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase activator (amyR). For further examples, see Verdier, 1990, supra and MacKenzie et al., 1993, Journal of General Microbiology 139: 2295-2307.

A chaperone is a protein which assists another polypeptide in folding properly (Hartl et al., 1994, TIBS 19: 20-25; Bergeron et al., 1994, TIBS 19: 124-128; Demolder et al., 1994, Journal of Biotechnology 32: 179-189; Craig, 1993, Science 260: 1902-1903; Gething and Sambrook, 1992, Nature 355: 33-45; Puig and Gilbert, 1994, Journal of Biological Chemistry 269: 7764-7771; Wang and Tsou, 1993, The FASEB Journal 7: 1515-11157; Robinson et al., 1994, Bio/Technology 1: 381-384; Jacobs et al., 1993, Molecular Microbiology 8: 957-966). The nucleic acid sequence encoding a chaperone may be obtained from the genes encoding Aspergillus oryzae protein disulphide isomerase or Saccharomyces cerevisiae calnexin, Saccharomyces cerevisiae BiP/GRP78, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp70. For further examples, see Gething and Sambrook, 1992, supra, and Hartl et al., 1994, supra.

A processing protease is a protease that cleaves a propeptide to generate a mature biochemically active polypeptide (Enderlin and Ogrydziak, 1994, Yeast 10: 67-79; Fuller et al., 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 86: 1434-1438; Julius et al., 1984, Cell 37: 1075-1089; Julius et al., 1983, Cell 32: 839-852; U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,934). The nucleic acid sequence encoding a processing protease may be obtained from the genes encoding Saccharomyces cerevisiae dipeptidylaminopeptidase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kex2, Yarrowia lipolytica dibasic processing endoprotease (xpr6), and Fusarium oxysporum metalloprotease (p45 gene).

In a more preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the transcriptional activator is operably linked to a promoter, or a functional part thereof, which is stronger than the corresponding promoter of the parent cell. In an even more preferred embodiment, the promoter, or a functional part thereof, mediates the expression of a gene encoding an extracellular protease, such as the Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease, A. oryzae neutral metalloprotease, A. niger aspergillopepsin protease, Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease or F. venenatum trypsin.

The present invention also relates to a host cell useful for the production of a polypeptide wherein the host cell is a mutant of a parent fungal cell in which the mutant comprises

a) a modification or inactivation of a transcriptional activator of the present invention, or a regulatory sequence thereof, and

b) (i) an inducible promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator of the present invention, and (ii) a promoter sequence to which the transcriptional activator can bind, operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide, wherein (i) and (ii) can be introduced simultaneously or sequentially.

The inactive form of the transcriptional activator in (a) above is obtained by inactivation or modification of a nucleic acid sequence present in the cell and necessary for the expression of the native transcriptional activator according to any of the methods as disclosed supra. In a preferred embodiment the inactivation or modification is obtained by methods, which include, but are not limited to, one or more nucleotide insertions, deletions or substitutions, specific or random mutagenesis, gene replacement or gene interruption, and anti-sense techniques using a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of the transcriptional activator. In another preferred embodiment, the inactive form of the native transcriptional activator is obtained by inactivation or modification of a control sequence required for the expression of the transcriptional activator.

In another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the native transcriptional activator has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 48. In another preferred embodiment, the transcriptional activator comprises the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 3.

The inducible promoter sequence in (b) above may be any promoter sequence, or a functional part thereof, wherein the transcription initiation activity of the promoter can be induced according to the fermentation conditions. Preferably, the induction is mediated by a carbon or nitrogen catabolite. In a preferred embodiment, the promoter is the amdS promoter of Aspergillus nidulans or A. oryzae, the niaD promoter of A. nidulans, A. oryzae or A. niger, the niiA promoter of Aspergillus species, the alkaline phosphatase promoter of Aspergillus sp., the acid phosphatase promoter of Aspergillus sp., or the alcA promoter of A. niger.

In another preferred embodiment, the host cell further comprises a promoter sequence, wherein the promoter sequence can be activated by the transcriptional activator and is operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide.

The promoter sequence activated by the transcriptional activator of the present invention may be any promoter sequence, or a functional part thereof, selected from the group which includes but is not limited to promoters obtained from the genes encoding Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger acid stable alpha-amylase, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (glaA), Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease, Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase, Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase, the NA2-tpi promoter (a hybrid of the promoters from the genes encoding Aspergillus niger neutral alpha-amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase), and mutant, truncated, and hybrid promoters thereof. Particularly preferred promoters for use in filamentous fungal cells are a promoter, or a functional part thereof, from a protease gene; e.g., from the Fusarium oxysporum trypsin-like protease gene (U.S. Pat. No. 4,288,627), Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease gene (alp), Aspergillus niger pacA gene, Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease gene, A. oryzae neutral metalloprotease gene, A. niger aspergillopepsin protease gene, or F. venenatum trypsin gene.

In another preferred embodiment, the host cell harbours at least one copy of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide.

In another preferred embodiment, the host cell, which expresses the transcriptional activator of the present invention produces less of one or more native proteases than the parent cell when cultured under identical conditions. The protease(s) may be assayed using any of the methods described above. In a more preferred embodiment, an aliquot from a 48-hour culture media is incubated with ³H-labelled sperm whale myoglobin at pH 4.0 and the radioactivity in the TCA-soluble fraction is measured (van Noort, J. M., et al., supra).

The nucleic acid constructs described herein may be introduced into a parent fungal cell according to any of the methods as described supra in the section, “Host Cells” to obtain a host cell useful for the production of a polypeptide. In a preferred embodiment the nucleic acid construct is integrated into the chromosome of the cell. In another preferred embodiment the nucleic acid construct is maintained as a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector.

It will be understood that the methods of the present invention are not limited to a particular order for obtaining the mutant fungal cell. The modification of the second nucleic acid sequence may be introduced into the parent cell at any step in the construction of the cell for the production of a polypeptide.

Producing a Polypeptide

Another aspect of the present invention relates to methods of producing a polypeptide in a host cell of the present invention, comprising: (a) cultivating the host cell which harbours a gene encoding the polypeptide in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the polypeptide; and (b) recovering the polypeptide from the nutrient medium of the host cell.

In one embodiment, the host cell which is a mutant of a parent fungal cell in which the parent cell comprises one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding a protease, the transcription of which is activated by a transcriptional activator of the present invention, and the mutant cell produces less of the transcriptional activator and the protease(s) than the parent cell when cultured under the same conditions.

In another embodiment, the host cell is a mutant of a parent fungal cell in which the mutant (a) produces more of the transcriptional activator of the present invention as compared to the parent cell when cultured under the same conditions; and (b) comprises a DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide, the transcription of which is activated by the transcriptional activator.

In another embodiment, the host cell is a mutant of a parent fungal cell in which the mutant comprises (a) a modification or inactivation of a transcriptional activator of the present invention or a regulatory sequence thereof, and (b) an inducible promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transcriptional activator of the present invention and a promoter sequence to which the transcriptional activator can bind, operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide, wherein (i) and (ii) can be introduced simultaneously or sequentially.

The host cells of the present invention are cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the polypeptide of interest using methods known in the art. For example, the cells may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, small-scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the polypeptide to be expressed and/or isolated. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art (see, e.g., Bennett, J. W. and LaSure, L., eds., More Gene Manipulations in Fungi, Academic Press, CA, 1991). Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared using published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection). If the polypeptide is secreted into the nutrient medium, the polypeptide can be recovered directly from the medium. If the polypeptide is not secreted, it is recovered from cell lysates.

The resulting polypeptide may be isolated by methods known in the art. For example, the polypeptide may be isolated from the nutrient medium by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, centrifugation, filtration, extraction, spray drying, evaporation, or precipitation. The isolated polypeptide may then be further purified by a variety of procedures known in the art including, but not limited to, chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, hydrophobic, chromatofocusing, and size exclusion), electrophoretic procedures (e.g., preparative isoelectric focusing, differential solubility (e.g., ammonium sulfate precipitation), or extraction (see, e.g., Protein Purification, J.-C. Janson and Lars Ryden, editors, VCH Publishers, New York, 1989).

The polypeptide may be detected using methods known in the art that are specific for the polypeptide. These detection methods may include use of specific antibodies, formation of an enzyme product, disappearance of an enzyme substrate, or SDS-PAGE. For example, an enzyme assay may be used to determine the activity of the polypeptide. Procedures for determining enzyme activity are known in the art for many enzymes.

In the methods of the present invention, the host cell produces at least about 20% more, preferably at least about 50% more, more preferably at least about 100% more, even more preferably at least about 200% more, and most preferably at least about 300% more of the polypeptide than a corresponding parent cell when cultivated under the same conditions.

The polypeptide may be any polypeptide whether native or heterologous to the mutant filamentous fungal cell. The term “heterologous polypeptide” is defined herein as a polypeptide, which is not produced by a cell. The term “polypeptide” is not meant herein to refer to a specific length of the encoded produce and therefore encompasses peptides, oligopeptides and proteins. The polypeptide may also be a recombinant polypeptide, which is a polypeptide native to a cell, which is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence, which comprises one or more control sequences foreign to the nucleic acid sequence, which are involved in the production of the polypeptide. The polypeptide may be a wild-type polypeptide or a variant thereof. The polypeptide may also be a hybrid polypeptide, which contains a combination of partial or complete polypeptide sequences obtained from at least two different polypeptides where one or more of the polypeptides may be heterologous to the cell. Polypeptides further include naturally occurring allelic and engineered variations of the above-mentioned polypeptides.

In a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide is an antibody or portions thereof, an antigen, a clotting factor, an enzyme, a hormone or a hormone variant, a receptor or portions thereof, a regulatory protein, a structural protein, a reporter, or a transport protein.

In a more preferred embodiment, the enzyme is an oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, or ligase.

In an even more preferred embodiment, the enzyme is an aminopeptidase, amylase, carbohydrase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, chitinase, cutinase, deoxyribonuclease, dextranase, esterase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, glucoamylase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, haloperoxidase, invertase, laccase, lipase, mannosidase, mutanase, oxidase, pectinolytic enzyme, peroxidase, phytase, polyphenoloxidase, proteolytic enzyme, ribonuclease, transglutaminase, or xylanase.

In another even more preferred embodiment, the polypeptide is human insulin or an analog thereof, human growth hormone, erythropoietin, or insulinotropin.

The nucleic acid sequence encoding a heterologous polypeptide may be obtained from any prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or other source. For purposes of the present invention, the term “obtained from” as used herein in connection with a given source shall mean that the polypeptide is produced by the source or by a cell in which a gene from the source has been inserted.

In the methods of the present invention, the mutant filamentous fungal cells may also be used for the recombinant production of polypeptides, which are native to the cell. The native polypeptides may be recombinantly produced by, e.g., placing a gene encoding the polypeptide under the control of a different promoter to enhance expression of the polypeptide, to expedite export of a native polypeptide of interest outside the cell by use of a signal sequence, and to increase the copy number of a gene encoding the polypeptide normally produced by the cell. The present invention also encompasses, within the scope of the term “heterologous polypeptide”, such recombinant production of polypeptides native to the cell, to the extent that such expression involves the use of genetic elements not native to the cell, or use of native elements which have been manipulated to function in a manner that do not normally occur in the filamentous fungal cell. The techniques used to isolate or clone a nucleic acid sequence encoding a heterologous polypeptide are known in the art and include isolation from genomic DNA, preparation from cDNA, or a combination thereof. The cloning of the nucleic acid sequences from such genomic DNA can be effected, e.g., by using the well known polymerase chain reaction (PCR). See, for example, Innis et al., 1990, PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Application, Academic Press, New York. The cloning procedures may involve excision and isolation of a desired nucleic acid fragment comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide, insertion of the fragment into a vector molecule, and incorporation of the recombinant vector into the mutant fungal cell where multiple copies or clones of the nucleic acid sequence will be replicated. The nucleic acid sequence may be of genomic, cDNA, RNA, semisynthetic, synthetic origin, or any combinations thereof.

In the methods of the present invention, heterologous polypeptides may also include fused or hybrid polypeptides in which another polypeptide is fused at the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the polypeptide or fragment thereof. A fused polypeptide is produced by fusing a nucleic acid sequence (or a portion thereof) encoding one polypeptide to a nucleic acid sequence (or a portion thereof) encoding another polypeptide. Techniques for producing fusion polypeptides are known in the art, and include, ligating the coding sequences encoding the polypeptides so that they are in frame and expression of the fused polypeptide is under control of the same promoter(s) and terminator. The hybrid polypeptides may comprise a combination of partial or complete polypeptide sequences obtained from at least two different polypeptides wherein one or more may be heterologous to the mutant fungal cell. An isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a heterologous polypeptide of interest may be manipulated in a variety of ways to provide for expression of the polypeptide. Expression will be understood to include any step involved in the production of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, and secretion. Manipulation of the nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide prior to its insertion into a vector may be desirable or necessary depending on the expression vector. The techniques for modifying nucleic acid sequences utilizing cloning methods are well known in the art.

The present invention is further described by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Materials

Chemicals used as buffers and substrates were commercial products of at least reagent grade.

Strains

AB4.1: a strain of Aspergillus niger which is a cspAl pyrG1 derivative of strain ATTC 9029 (van Hartingsveldt, W., et al., 1987. Mol. Gen. Genet. 206:71-75; Bos, C. J., et al., Curr. Genet. 14:437-443)

AB1.13: a protease deficient strain of Aspergillus niger derived from UV mutagenesis of AB4.1 (Mattern, I. E., et al., 1992. Mol. Gen. Genet. 234:332-336) 13PAP2: an AB1.13 derivative containing multiple copies of the A. nidulans amdS gene (Corrick, R. A., et al, 1987. Gene 53: 63-71) under control of the pepA promoter of A. niger (Jarai G. and Buxton F. 1994. Curr Genet. 26:238-244). The strain has a protease deficient phenotype and is unable to grow on medium containing acetamide as the sole nitrogen source. Strain 13PAP2 has been deposited at DSM under the name DSM No. 12298.

4PAP6: an AB4.1 derivative containing multiple copies of the of A. nidulans amdS gene under control of the pepA promoter of A. niger. The strain does not have a protease deficient phenotype and is able to grow on medium containing acetamide as the sole nitrogen source.

N402: a strain of Aspergillus niger, deposited at the ATCC (Manassas Va., USA) as ATCC Number: 64974

MC1046: a strain of E. coli, deposited at the ATCC as ATCC Number: 35467

A. oryzae IF04177: available from Institute for Fermentation, Osaka; 17-25 Juso Hammachi 2-Chome Yodogawa-Ku, Osaka, Japan.

HowB101: described in WO 97/35956.

Plasmids

pPAP: constructed as described below in Example 1 and shown in FIG. 1

pAopyrGcosArp1: constructed as described below in Example 1 and shown in FIG. 2

pEES1: constructed as described below in Example 1 and shown in FIG. 3

p3SR2: contains the A. nidulans amdS gene as described by C. M. Corrick, A. P. Twomey, and M. J. Hynes (1987. Gene 53: 63-71)

pABPYRG*-Not: contains an inactivated pyrG gene as described by Verdoes, J. C., et al. (1994. Gene 145: 179-187)

pHelp1: contains the pyrG gene from A. oryzae as a selective marker and the AMAL sequences which enable autonomous replication in A. niger, cloned into the E. coli vector pIC20R, as described by Gems, D., et al. (1991. Gene 98: 61-67)

pAnscos1: contains two cos sites as described by Osiewacz, H. D. (1994. Curr. Genet. 26: 87-90)

pAO4-2: contains the A. oryzae pyrG gene as described by De Ruiter-Jacobs, Y. M. J. T., et al. (1989. Curr. Genet. 16: 159-163)

pAO4-13: contains the A. oryzae pyrG gene as described by De Ruiter-Jacobs, Y. M. J. T., et al. (1989. Curr. Genet. 16:159-163)

pUC19: as described by Yanisch-Perron, C., Vieira, J. and Messig, J. (1985, Gene 33:103-119)

pDV8: described in Example 8 and shown in FIG. 7.

pJaL554: described in Example 8 and shown in FIG. 8

Deposit of Biological Materials

The following biological material has been deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty with the Deutsche Sammlung von Microorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany and given the following accession number:

Deposit Accession Number Date of Deposit Escherichia coli, pEES DSM 12294 Jul. 14, 1998 Aspergillus niger 13PAP2 DSM 12298 Jul. 14, 1998

The strain has been deposited under conditions that assure that access to the culture will be available during the pendency of this patent application. The deposit represents a substantially pure culture of the deposited strain. The deposit is available as required by foreign patent laws in countries wherein counterparts of the subject application, or its progeny are filed. However, it should be understood that the availability of a deposit does not constitute a license to practice the subject invention in derogation of patent rights granted by governmental action.

Example 1 Cloning of the A. niger prtT Transcriptional Activator

The prtT gene was cloned from 13PAP2, an A. niger mutant strain which is unable to express the amdS gene regulated by the pepA protease gene promoter and has a protease deficient phenotype (prt⁻).

Construction of the A. niger 13PAP2 Reporter Strain

The plasmid pPA1 was constructed by ligation of the following three fragments:

1) the E. coli vector pBlueScript II SK (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla Calif., USA) digested with EcoRI and KpnI;

2) a 1.4 kb EcoRI/BamHI restriction fragment containing the 1.2 kb promoter region of the pepA gene linked to about 130 bp of the amdS coding sequence from the start codon to an internal BamHI site, amplified by PCR; and

3) a 2.1 kb BamHI/KpnI fragment from p3SR2 which contains most of the A. nidulans amdS gene

Fragment 2 was constructed in two steps. In a first step genomic DNA from A. niger N402 prepared from protoplasts as described below in the section “Construction of the Cosmid Library” was used as the template, and the two oligonucleotides shown below, pepApr and pepA/amdS, were used as primers:

PepApr: (SEQ ID NO: 6) CGG AAT TCG CAT GCT GGA GGT GCT TCT AA pepA/amdS: (SEQ ID NO: 7) TTC CCA GGA TTG AGG CAT TTT GAC CAC GAG AAT

The 1200 bp PCR product obtained from this reaction was then used as a primer in a second PCR reaction together with the oligonucleotide MBL1213 shown below, and plasmid p3SR2 as the template. MBL1213: TAA CTT CCA CCG AGG TC (SEQ ID NO: 8)

The product obtained by ligation of the three fragments described above was subsequently transfected into E. coli DH5α.

In the final construction procedure, pPA1 was digested with NotI and ligated to a 3.8 kb NotI fragment from pABPYRG*-Not, resulting in plasmid pPAP which is shown in FIG. 1. pPAP was transformed into A. niger AB 1.13, and a transformant with pPAP integrated into the pyrG locus in multicopy was isolated. A spontaneous 5 fluorotic acid (FOA) resistant, uridine-requiring mutant of this transformant that could be complemented with the pyrG gene was named 13PAP2.

Construction of pAopyrGcosArp1

The plasmid pAopyrGcosArp1 was constructed by ligation and subsequent transfection into E. coli DH5□ of the following three fragments:

1) the E. coli vector pHelp1 cut with Acc65I and BamHI

2) a 3.0 kb BamHI/HindIII fragment from pAnscos1 containing two cos sites

3) a 3.2 kb Acc65I/HindIII fragment from pAO4-2 containing the A. oryzae pyrG gene

The resulting plasmid, pAopyrGcosArp1, is self-replicating in Aspergilli and can be selected for by growth on medium lacking uridine. pAopyrGcosArp1 is depicted in FIG. 2.

Construction of the Cosmid Library.

A cosmid library of Aspergillus niger was constructed using the “SuperCos1 cosmid vector kit” (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla Calif., USA) according to the supplier's instructions.

Genomic DNA from A. niger N402 was prepared from protoplasts made by standard procedures.

After isolation the protoplasts were pelleted by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes in a Beckman GS-6R; the pellet was then suspended in a buffer containing 22.5 mM tri-isonaphtalene sulphonic acid, 275 mM para-aminosalicylic acid, 0.2 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.5), 0.25 M NaCl and 50 mM EDTA immediately followed by addition of 1 volume of phenol/chloroform (1:1). After careful mixing and centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes the aqueous phase was decanted and DNA was precipitated using standard procedures.

The size of the genomic DNA was analysed by electrophoresis on a 0.3% agarose gel run for 20 hours at 30 volts at 4° C. The ethidium bromide stained gel showed that the recovered DNA ranged in size from 50 to greater than 100 kb. The DNA was partially digested using MboI. The size of the digested DNA was 30 to 50 kb as determined by the same type of gel analysis as above. The pAopyrGcosArp1 vector, purified using a kit from QIAGEN (Venlo, The Netherlands) following the manufacturer's instructions, was digested with BamHI, dephosphorylated and gel purified. Ligation and packaging were performed following standard procedures.

After titration of the library, all of the packaging mix from a single ligation and packaging was transfected into the host cell, MC1046, and plated on 50 μg/ml ampicillin LB plates. Approximately 40,000 colonies were obtained. Cosmid preparations from 10 colonies showed that they all had inserts of the expected size. The 40,000 colonies were then soaked in LB medium and scraped off of the plates, then aliquoted for storage in 15% glycerol at −80° C. This represents an approximate 40-fold amplification of the A. niger genome.

Selection of A. niger prtT Clones

Cosmid DNA was prepared from the library and introduced into 13PAP2 according to the transformation procedure described by P. J. Punt and C.A.M.J.J. Van Den Hondel (1992. Methods Enzymol 216: 447-457). Repeated efforts to select for the pyrG marker only resulted in a recovery of between 4000 to 30,000 transformants. A double selection for the pyrG marker and growth on medium containing acetamide as the sole nitrogen source resulted in a total of 65 primary transformants from five different experiments.

Each primary transformant was screened for protease activity, growth on medium containing acetamide as the sole nitrogen source and instability of these two characteristics. An acetamidase+phenotype, screened by growth on medium containing acetamide, is an indication of acetamidase activity resulting from activation of the pepA promoter in the reporter cassette in which the pepA promoter is linked to the amdS coding sequence. A protease+phenotype was screened using minimal medium plates containing dialyzed skim milk as the sole nitrogen source (Mattern, I. E., et al., 1992. Mol Gen Genet. 234:332-336). On these plates the wild-type AB4.1 strain makes a clear halo whereas the AB1.13 mutant produces a very small halo. This difference is not due to differences in the activity of pepA since a pepA deleted strain can also produce a large halo on these plates. Therefore, a large halo on milk plates indicates activation of other extracellular proteases.

Instability was tested by growing diluted spore stocks on medium containing uridine. Single-spore-derived colonies were picked from these plates and tested for protease activity and growth on acetamide. The screening results revealed that in more than 70% of the colonies both characteristics were lost. Therefore, the two phenotypes were either lost or retained together, indicating that activation of the pepA promoter and other protease promoters is coordinately regulated and linked to the presence of the pyrG marker. The gene responsible for this phenotype was named prtT. Twelve acetamidase⁺, protease⁺ transformants were then isolated.

Isolation of the A. niger prtT Gene

In order to rescue the prtT gene from the acetamidase⁺, protease⁺ transformants of 13PAP2, DNA was prepared from mycelium grown in minimal medium as previously described. This DNA was used in an attempt to transform competent E. coli DH5□ cells. Several hundreds of ampicillin-resistant colonies were obtained. DNA analysis showed they all contained sequences derived from the pHelp1 plasmid. Cosmid DNA isolated from E. coli colonies was then retransformed into 13PAP2. Two DNA samples gave rise to transformants, which showed both growths on acetamide containing medium and increased protease activity. DNA from one of the cosmids, ACR1, was then digested with several restriction enzymes. The resulting fragments were then co-transformed with pAopyrGcosArp1 into strain 13PAP2. EcoRI, PstI, BamHI and KpnI digestion of ACR1 gave rise to transformants capable of growth on acetamide and high protease activity, whereas SalI and HindIII digests did not. Because EcoRI digestion gave the simplest pattern, separate EcoRI fragments were gel-isolated and with pAopyrGcosArp1 used to co-transform 13PAP2. Only one fragment, a 15 kb EcoRI fragment, gave rise to transformants capable of growth on acetamide-containing medium. This fragment was subcloned in pBluescript II SK in order to subclone prtT from the cosmid. Since the insert of this clone was still rather large, separate PstI bands were gel isolated and each was co-transformed with pAopyrGcosArp1 into 13PAP2. Only one band, a 2.5 kb PstI fragment, gave rise to transformants that could grow on acetamide-containing medium. This fragment was subcloned in pBlueScript II SK. Four subclones, ClE 0.7, ClE 1.8, NcE 1.1 and NcE 1.4, were constructed from this plasmid based on the restriction map. In addition, a 6.5 kb SstI/EcoRI fragment encompassing the 2.5 kb PstI fragment was subcloned, resulting in pEES1 (shown in FIG. 3).

Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from AB4.1 showed the presence of only one copy of prtT.

Example 2 Sequencing of the A. niger prtT Gene and Analysis of the Sequence

All sequence reactions were prepared using dRhodamine Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kits or BigDye™ Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kits from the Perkin-Elmer Corporation (Branchburg N.J., USA). The reactions were run on an ABI PRISM® 377 DNA Sequencer (Perkin-Elmer Corporation) following the manufacturer's instructions.

The prtT gene was sequenced from the genomic clones ClE 0.7, ClE 1.8, NcE 1.1, NcE 1.4 and pEES1. The sequence specific primers used are listed below:

122958: CGA TCG ATG ACT GCC TGT (SEQ ID NO: 9) 122956: AGA GAC ACA TAG TGC CTT (SEQ ID NO: 10) 122959: GCT TAT AGT CGA TAG CGC (SEQ ID NO: 11) 122960: CCT CTC TCC AGC GAT GGT (SEQ ID NO: 12) 122962: ATG GAA TAC ATA CTG CTT (SEQ ID NO: 13) 122961: ATG AAA CCC ACT GTA GCT (SEQ ID NO: 14) 122963: TGC TCG ATA AGC GGG TCC (SEQ ID NO: 15) 122964: AAT CTT ATG GAC CCG CTT (SEQ ID NO: 16) 124289: CCC CGG GAA ACA AGA ACA GG (SEQ ID NO: 17) 124290: GTT GGC GGA CCT TGA CTA TG (SEQ ID NO: 18) 125112: ACA GCT ACA GTG GGT TTC ATC T (SEQ ID NO: 19) 125111: AGT CAA CGG GGG AAG TCT C (SEQ ID NO: 20) 128330: CTA GCA GCG TAT CGG TCA GC (SEQ ID NO: 21) 130887: CTT GGA AAA GAA ACG ATA G (SEQ ID NO: 22) 130888: AAC GTA CGC TTT CCT CCT T (SEQ ID NO: 23) 134135: GGG TCC GTC CAG TCC GTT CTT (SEQ ID NO: 24) −48 reverse: AGC GGA TAA CAA TTT CAC ACA GGA (SEQ ID NO: 25) −40 universal: GTT TTC CCA GTC ACG AC (SEQ ID NO: 26)

A mutant allele of the gene was obtained by PCR amplification of genomic DNA isolated from the mutant strain AB1.13 using the following primers:

PstI: TC ATC CCT GGT GTT ACT GC; (SEQ ID NO: 27) PstII: C ATG GAT TGG CTG GCC G (SEQ ID NO: 28)

The complete DNA sequence of the prtT gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. The sequence of the PCR fragment of the mutant allele is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.

Analysing the DNA sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 using the computer software Netgene 2 (S. M. Hebsgaard, P. G. Korning, N. Tolstrup, J. Engelbrecht, P. Rouze, S. Brunak (1996. Nucleic Acids Research 24: 3439-3452) suggested the existence of 5 exons (see annotations to SEQ ID NO 1).

Analysis of the A. niger prtT cDNA

mRNA was purified from total RNA (isolated according to the DNA isolation method described above in Example 1) using a commercial poly(A)⁺ RNA isolation kit (Pharmacia, Uppsala SE) from a culture of A. niger grown under conditions favourable for protease production (J.P.T.W. Van Den Hombergh, et al., 1997. Eur. J. Biochem. 247:605-613). Double stranded cDNA was prepared using standard procedures and used for PCR reactions with the following primers:

oligo-dT primer: T₂₀N Prt270n: TACTCTCCAGATTGCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 29) Prt1420r: TGAGATACCACTCAGCAG (SEQ ID NO: 30) prt1350n: TGCACTTCTCTGTCTCTG (SEQ ID NO: 31) Prt2365r: GACTTCTGGCATCAGTTG (SEQ ID NO: 32) prt2320n: CTCATGGATGGCATGATC (SEQ ID NO: 33)

A PCR reaction with the primers Prt270n and Prt1420r produced a fragment of approximately 1.0 kb. The fragment was cloned into a pGEM-T vector (Promega Corp., Madison Wis., USA), and the insert in the resulting plasmid was sequenced using the primers 122958, 122960, −40 universal and −48 reverse. The result confirmed the presence of two introns in this part of the gene.

A second PCR reaction with the primers Prt1350n and Prt2365r produced a fragment of approximately 0.9 kb. This fragment was also cloned in a pGEM-T vector, and the insert in the resulting plasmid was sequenced using the primers 124289, 124290, −40 universal and −48 reverse. The result confirmed the presence of a single intron in this part of the gene.

Another PCR reaction with the oligo-dT primer and primer Prt2320n produced a fragment of approximately 350 bp. This fragment was also cloned in a pGEM-T vector. Sequencing of the insert using primers −40 universal and −48 reverse showed that the fragment contained the 3′ part of prtT and confirmed the presence of another intron.

The deduced protein sequence of the translated prtT gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. The deduced protein sequence of the translated mutant allele prtl3 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5. A comparison of SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 5 indicates that the only difference between the two is in position 112 where the leucine residue in the translated prtT gene is replaced by proline in the translated prt13 gene.

Analysis of the deduced PrtT protein sequence reveals the presence of a Zinc(II)2Cys6 binuclear cluster DNA binding motif (SEQ ID NO: 2, residues 47-81). This motif defines the GAL4 class of fungal transcriptional activators (Reece, M. J., and Ptashne, M. 1993. Science 261: 909-911). The presence of the motif in the prtT gene strongly indicates that prtT is a transcriptional activator.

Example 3 Disruption of the prtT Gene in a Wild-Type A. niger Strain

A plasmid was constructed in which the upstream and downstream sequences of the prtT gene are separated by the A. oryzae pyrG gene. Plasmid pEES1 was digested with MunI and NheI, which removed a 2.1 kb fragment containing most of the coding sequence of prtT. A 2.3 kb EcoRI/NheI fragment from pAO4-13 containing the A. oryzae pyrG gene was cloned in the MunI and NheI sites of pEES1. The resulting plasmid, shown in FIG. 4, was named pDprt. This construct was then used to transform A. niger strain AB4.1 to uridine prototrophy. About 150 uridine prototrophic transformants were then analyzed for protease activity on skim milk containing plates. Five of these did not make a halo on these plates indicating that protease activity was very low. Comparison of strains with a disrupted prtT gene and the mutant AB1.13 strain did not show any differences in protease activity or phenotype.

Example 4 Overexpression of A. niger PrtT

A plasmid, pGPprt, (FIG. 5) containing the coding region and 3′ noncoding sequences of prtT fused to the promoter of the A. niger gpd gene was constructed. The gpd gene codes for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a constitutively expressed enzyme involved in primary metabolism. The promoter used was a fragment upstream of the coding region.

The plasmid is transformed into A. niger AB4.1 by cotransformation with the pyrG selection plasmid pAO4-13. Transformants with increased prtT transcription as determined by Southern blot analysis is analysed for increased protease expression.

Example 5 Isolation of the Zn²⁺-Finger from the A. oryzae prtT Gene

The A. niger prtT gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. The protein sequence deduced from the DNA sequence of prtT (SEQ ID NO: 2) contains a so called Zn²⁺-finger motif expected to be responsible for the DNA binding of the transcriptional activator encoded by prtT. The Zn²⁺-finger motif has the following amino acid sequence: Met Thr Ala Cys His Thr Cys Arg Lys Leu Lys Thr Arg Cys Asp Leu Asp Pro Arg Gly His Ala Cys Arg Arg Cys Leu Ser Leu Arg Ile Asp Cys (SEQ ID NO: 34).

Degenerate primers able to code for amino acid sequences from the motif were designed and synthesized by DNA Technology A/S, Forskerparken, Gustav Wieds vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. The primers had the following sequences:

137396: (SEQ ID NO: 35) A T G A C C/T G C C/T T G C/T C A C/T A C C/T T G 137397: (SEQ ID NO: 36) A A/G A/G C A A/G/C/T C G A/G/C/T C G A/G C A A/G G C A/G T G

The primers were used in a PCR reaction with genomic A. oryzae IF04177 DNA as template. The reaction was performed in a total volume of 100 μl containing 154 μmol of primer 137396 and 10164 μmol of primer 137397. 30 PCR cycles with 56□C as annealing temperature and 30 seconds elongation time were run. Another PCR reaction using A. niger genomic DNA and the primers 137394: ATGACTGCCTGTCACACATG (SEQ ID NO: 37) and 137395: AGACAGCGACGGCACGCATG (SEQ ID NO: 38), which are specific for the A. niger prtT gene, was also run. In this reaction 10 μmol of each primers was used in a 100 μl reaction. Aliquots of the two reactions were applied to a 3% agarose gel. After electrophoresis three approximately equally intense bands could be seen in the A. oryzae reaction and two bands in the A. niger reaction. One of the bands in the A. niger reaction was more intense than the other and further had the expected size. One of the A. oryzae bands had the same size as the most intense A. niger band and was isolated from the gel. The fragment was cloned into the vector pCR2.1 (Invitrogen™). Plasmids from two individual colonies were sequenced. The sequences are shown in FIG. 1. The two sequences differ at the end reflecting their origin in different degenerate primers. They are identical in the middle 40 bp, which are amplified from the genomic DNA. These 40 basepairs encode a polypeptide identical to a part of the Zn²⁺-finger of the A. niger prtT gene.

Example 6 Isolation of the N-Terminal of the A. oryzae prtT Gene

The inverse PCR method was used to isolate the A. oryzae prtT gene. The primers 144428: CACCGAGTTTTAAGCTTGCGG (SEQ ID NO: 39) and 144429: CGATCTTGATCCACGAGGG (SEQ ID NO: 40) were synthezised by DNA Technology A/S (Denmark). Genomic DNA was cut with a number of restriction enzymes and religated. The ligation mixtures were used as templates in PCR reactions with the primers 144428/144429. In a reaction with BamHI restricted and religated DNA as template a fragment of approximately 2.5 kb was observed after electrophoresis on an agarose gel. The fragment was labelled with ³²P by the random priming method and used as a probe against a filter containing a gridded cosmid library of genomic A. oryzae DNA. The construction of the library is described in WO 98/01470. The cosmid 11F8 showed a positive hybridization signal with the probe. A Southern blot containing DNA from 11F8 and genomic DNA restricted with BamHI, EcoRI, PstI or XhoI was probed with the 2.5 kb inverse PCR fragment. The size of hybridizing bands from genomic DNA were compared with those from the cosmid DNA. Apparently some rearrangement of the cosmid had occurred since only a minority of the bands from the genomic DNA had counterparts in the cosmid. Two hybridizing fragments from the cosmid, a 1.2 kb EcoRI fragment and a 1.0 kb PstI fragment, looked equal in size to hybridizing genomic fragments. The two fragments were sub-cloned from the cosmid and sequenced. Analysis of the sequence data showed that the fragments overlap. In total 1497 bp of sequence was obtained. Oligonucleotides encoding the Zn²⁺-finger were not contained within the sequence. A BamHI site was found close to one end of the sequence in a region only covered by the EcoRI sub-clone, thus allowing the position of the sequenced genomic fragment relative to the Zn²⁺-finger to be determined.

The primer 153468: CGGGATGAATTGTAGAGAGGC (SEQ ID NO: 41) was prepared by DNA Technology A/S (Denmark). The primer sequence is contained within the 1497 bp fragment. It is found at the end closest to the Zn²⁺-finger and points in that direction. Two primers both of prtT Zn²⁺-finger specific sequence and pointing either downstream (140358) or upstream (140359) were also prepared by DNA Technology A/S (Denmark). The sequence of the two primers are as follows: 140358: CGCAAGCTTAAAACTCGGTGCGATC (SEQ ID NO: 42) and 140359: CCTCGTGGATCAAGATCGCA (SEQ ID NO: 43). Two PCR reactions, one with the primers 153468 and 140358 and one with 153468 and 140359, respectively, were performed with genomic DNA as template. The reaction with 153468 and 140359 gave a band of approximately 1.1 kb, the other reaction gave no visible bands, when analysed on an agarose gel. The 1.1 kb fragment was cloned into pCR4Blunt-TOPO (Invitrogen) and sequenced. The fragment contained part of the Zn²-finger and overlaps with the 1497 bp fragment. Translation of the sequence showed that the region immediately upstream of the Zn²⁺-finger encodes a polypeptide with homology to the N-terminal of prtT from A. niger.

Example 7 Isolation of the Complete A. oryzae prtT Gene

The remaining parts of the gene were cloned by two consecutive rounds of inverse PCR. In the first inverse PCR reaction the genomic DNA was restricted with EcoRV and re-ligated. The PCR reaction was run with the primers 175653: GATGAAAAGAATAATCGGCGAG (SEQ ID NO: 44) and 175654: CGCGGCACACTACCCCCGTTG (SEQ ID NO: 45). The reaction resulted in the synthesis of a 1.9 kb fragment, which was cloned into the pCR4Blunt-TOPO vector and sequenced. Analysis of the sequence data showed that the fragment contains a gene with homology to the A. niger prtT gene and that the 3′ end of the gene was missing. The second inverse PCR reaction was thus performed. The primers were B0403G08: ATCTAGCTCAAGCATTAGCGGC (SEQ ID NO: 46) and B0403G09: AATTTCGGCCCTTTAGTGTCC (SEQ ID NO: 47). BglII restricted and re-ligated genomic DNA was used as template. A 2.4 kb fragment was obtained and cloned into the pCR4Blunt-TOPO vector and sequenced. Analysis of the sequence showed that the complete A. oryzae prtT gene had been obtained. The DNA sequence of the A. oryzae prtT gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 48 and the deduced amino acid sequence of the encoded protein is shown in SEQ ID NO: 49.

Example 8 Disruption of the Aspergillus oryzae prtT Gene

The A. oryzae prtT gene was disrupted using a method of positive/negative selection. A disruption cassette consisting of 2 kb of the A. oryzae prtT gene (SEQ ID NO: 48) with an insertion of the pyrG gene in the middle is cloned into a vector (pDV8) containing the herpes simplex virus I tymidine kinase gene (HSV-tk) flanked by fungal expression signals. Expression of the tymidine kinase gene makes the host sensitive to 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine. A disrupted strain can be isolated by positive selection for the pyrG gene in a pyrG minus host and deselection of the tymidine kinase gene on 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine. Since the tymidinie kinase gene and the pyrG gene are present in the same DNA fragment selection is for transformants in which a double cross-over event has happened. The system gives fewer transformants pr. Micro g of DNA than transformation with just a disruption cassette, but the frequency of transformants in which the desired homologous recombination event has occurred is much higher.

The pyrG gene used here is flanked by repeats enabling a later removal by selection for 5-fluoroorotic acid resistance. The pyrG gene is isolated from the plasmid pJaL554.

The pDV8 Plasmid

pDV8 was kindly provided by Matthew S. Sachs, University of Oregon, PO Box 91000, Portland, Oreg. 97291-1000, USA. pDV8 (FIG. 7) is a pSP65 (Promega™) based plasmid containing the HSV-tk gene on a 1.2 kb BglII/BamHI fragment inserted between a 1.0 kb XhoI/BglII fragment of the A. nidulans gpd promoter and a 0.8 kb BamHI/HindIII fragment containing the A. nidulans trpc transcriptional terminator.

The A. nidulans gpd promoter and the trpc transcriptional terminator are taken from the plasmid pAN51-2 (Punt et al., (1990), Gene 93, p. 101-109). The HSV-tk gene is described by McKnight S. L., (1980), Nucleic Acids Res. 8:5949-5964, Database accession no. EMBL v00470, position 252-1479. The construction of pDV8 is described in Vaught-Alexander D (thesis) Expression of the herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase gene in Neurospora crassa, (1994), Oregon Graduate Institute of Science & Technology, University of Portland, PO Box 91000, Portland, Oreg. 97291-1000, USA. The sequence of pDV8 is included in this application as SEQ ID NO: 50. Single-, double- and multicopy A. oryzae transformants of pDV8 were isolated by transforming a pDV8 derivative containing the A. oryzae niaD gene into an A. oryzae niaD mutant. The copy number of the HSV-tk gene was determined by Southern analysis. The transformants and the untransformed host were inoculated onto plates containing varying concentrations of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine. From inspection of the growth on the plates it was decided to use 6 microM of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine in the plates for future positive/negative selection experiments. At this concentration none of the pDV8 transformants grew, while the untransformed host was only slightly inhibited.

Description of pJaL554

PJaL554 was constructed by ligating the 316 bp Asp718-NheI fragment to the 5336 bp SpeI-SspBI fragment from the pyrG containing plasmid pSO₂ (described in WO 97/35956). Thus, pJaL554 harbours the A. oryzae pyrG gene flanked by 316 bp repeats. The construction is illustrated in FIG. 8.

Construction of a prtT Disruption Plasmid in the pDV8 Vector

A PCR reaction is performed on chromosomal A. oryzae IF04177 DNA with the primers B1042E05 and B1450E07.

B1042E05: CGCGCGTATCCTATTGCC (SEQ ID NO: 51) B1450E07: GCCGGAAATGTTGTACCTAC (SEQ ID NO: 52)

A fragment of 2078 basepairs is obtained and cloned into the pCR4Blunt-TOPO (Invitrogen™) vector. The resulting plasmid is sequenced with the standard M13 forward (−40) and reverse primers to ensure that the correct fragment is obtained. The PCR fragment is excised from the vector by the restriction enzyme EcoRV which cuts twice internally in the fragment. The cut sites are located at positions 1 and 1964 in SEQ ID NO: 48. The 1964 bp fragment is ligated with the pDV8 vector, which has been cut with HindIII and blunt ended by filling in the ends with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I from E. coli and dNTP. The resulting plasmid is cut with HindIII, which is located in the prtT fragment (in the part encoding the Zn²⁺-finger) at position 962 in SEQ ID NO: 48, dephosphorylated and ligated with the pyrG gene isolated from pJaL554 as a 2.5 kb HindIII fragment.

Selection of prtT Disrupted Strains

The disruption plasmid described above was linearized with NotI and transformed into A. oryzae HowB101 (described in WO 97/35956), a pyrG minus derivative of IF04177. The transformation is done essential as described in EP 0 238 023. Transformants are selected on plates containing Coves salt solution (Cove DJ, (1966), Biochim. Biophys. Acta 113:51-56), 1 M sucrose for osmotic stabilization and as carbon source, 20 g/L agar, 10 mM NaNO₃ and 6 microM 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine (Sigma). The transformants are reisolated once on the same type of plates. Transformants carrying a disrupted prtT gene are identified by Southern blot analysis.

A strain carrying the prtT disruption is used as host for expression of a truncated PDI gene (Protein Disulfide isomerase gene) harbored on the expression plasmid pCaHj445 (described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,664). pCaHj445 is transformed into the A. oryzae prtT disrupted strain by cotransformation with the plasmid p3SR2 containing the A. nidulans amdS gene. Transformation and selection on acetamide plates is done essentially as described in EP 0 238 023. After reisolation the transformants are fermented in shake flasks or fermentors and the PDI protein is purified from the fermentation broth.

The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed, since these embodiments are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. 

1. A host cell for the production of a desired polypeptide, wherein the host cell is a mutant of a parent cell in which the mutant comprises: (a) a modification or inactivation of a nucleic acid sequence chacterized as: (1) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes under high stringency conditions with (i) the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48 or (ii) its complementary strand, wherein the high stringency conditions are defined by prehybridization and hybridization at 42 C in 5×SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 50% formamide, and washing at 65° C. for 30 minutes in 2×SSC and 0.2% SDS; (2) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 49, wherein the fragment has transcriptional activation activity; (3) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49; or (4) nucleotides 977-3116 of SEQ ID NO: 48 or the cDNA thereof, wherein the mutant produces less protease compared to the parent cell when cultured under the same conditions, and (b) (i) an inducible promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence, and (ii) a promoter sequence that binds a transcriptional activator encoded by the nucleic acid sequence, operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the desired polypeptide, wherein (i) and (ii) can be induced simultaneously or sequentially.
 2. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the inducible promoter is mediated by a carbon or nitrogen catabolite.
 3. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the promoter sequence that binds the transcriptional activator is from a protease gene.
 4. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes polypeptide that has transcriptional activation activity.
 5. A host cell for the production of a desired polypeptide, wherein the host cell is a variant of a parent cell in which the variant comprises: (a) a modification or inactivation of a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49, wherein the varient produces less protease compared to the parent cell when cultured under the same conditions, and (b) (i) an inducible promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence, and (ii) a promoter sequence that binds a transcriptional activator encoded by the nucleic acid sequence, operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the desired polypeptide, wherein (i) and (ii) can be induced simultaneously or sequentially.
 6. A host cell in accordance with claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encodes polypeptide that has transcriptional activation activity.
 7. A host cell in accordance with claim 5, wherein the amino acid sequence is least 95% identical with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49.
 8. A host cell in accordance with claim 5, wherein the amino acid sequence is least 96% identical with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49.
 9. A host cell in accordance with claim 5, wherein the amino acid sequence is least 97% identical with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49.
 10. A host cell in accordance with claim 5, wherein the amino acid sequence is least 99% identical with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49.
 11. A host cell in accordance with claim 5, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49.
 12. A host cell in accordance with claim 5, wherein the amino acid sequence consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49.
 13. A host cell in accordance with claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid sequence comprises nucleotides 977-3116 of SEQ ID NO: 48 or the cDNA thereof.
 14. A host cell in accordance with claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is obtained from an Aspergillus cell.
 15. A host cell in accordance with claim 5, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is obtained from an Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium or Trichoderma cell.
 16. The host cell of claim 5, wherein the inducible promoter is mediated by a carbon or nitrogen catabolite.
 17. The host cell of claim 5, wherein the promoter sequence that binds the transcriptional activator is from a protease gene.
 18. A method of producing a desired polypeptide, comprising: (a) cultivating the host cell of claim 1, wherein the host cell harbors a gene encoding the desired polypeptide, in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the desired polypeptide; and (b) recovering the desired polypeptide from the nutrient medium of the mutant cell.
 18. A method of producing a desired polypeptide, comprising: (a) cultivating the host cell of claim 5, wherein the host cell harbors a gene encoding the desired polypeptide, in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the desired polypeptide; and (b) recovering the desired polypeptide from the nutrient medium of the mutant cell. 